The ability of geckos to scamper up smooth walls and hang upside down from surfaces has intrigued scientists for centuries. But about 15 years ago, researchers were definitively able to attribute the gecko’s powers of adhesion to nanoscale threads in the gecko’s toes, fueling the imaginations of scientists regarding the practical possibilities of biomimicry at microscopic levels.
Now, a team led by researchers from the Lehigh University in Pennsylvania is collaborating with Michelin Corporation and the National Science Foundation (NSF) to develop materials with surface architectures that could improve the safety and reliability of tyres.
Anand Jagota, professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and director of Lehigh’s bioengineering program, and his team recently published a paper in the journal Scientific Reports outlining their work creating new bio-inspired film-terminated structures with unique friction characteristics that could have positive industrial implications for, among other things, tyres.
The paper, “Strongly Modulated Friction of a Film-Terminated Ridge-Channel Structure,” was co-written by Jagota and lead author Zhenping He along with Ying Bai, Chung-Yuen Hui of Cornell University in New York and Benjamin Levrard, a researcher at Michelin Corporation.
For tyres, there is a classic performance conundrum among traction, tyre life and fuel efficiency. Improving one quality almost always degrades another.
“High quality tyres minimise rolling resistance, which improves fuel efficiency, while maximising the sliding friction that basically helps to brake quickly,” says Jagota. “To help increase this sliding friction, tyres currently employ millimetre-scale structures to grip the road and channel water. We are working to create structures at the microscale that will enhance friction and adhesion control.”
Jagota and his colleagues are looking to the smooth pad surfaces found on the feet of grasshoppers or frogs rather than emulating the hairy fibrils found on a gecko’s toes. In a precursor to the current study, the team developed a thin film comprised of an array of tiny pillars on top of a substrate.
“We placed these pillars or posts in an hexagonal array and covered them with a thin coating that allowed them to make solid contact with rough surfaces and strongly enhances static friction,” says Jagota. “Dragging the film in any direction provided the same friction. But tyres don’t require the same properties in all directions, so we went to an array of parallel ridges. We believed this would provide greater resistance to sideways movement across the film – and greater sliding friction.”
They were right and they were also surprised with the magnitude of the results. The parallel ridges created a surface where the “good” lateral sliding friction was increased significantly.
“This was the most unexpected thing: in the ridge-channel geometry, the film improved sliding friction dramatically, by a factor of three or four,” Jagota says.
In the experiment, the researchers created a film using rubber-like material which had rows of evenly spaced, parallel ridges, covered with a thin topcoat. With the film laid flat, a glass ball was pressed into the film and dragged across it in a direction perpendicular to the ridges.
According to the team, the increased sliding friction is due to extreme contortion of the ridges. Under the pressure of the sphere, the ridges stretched and rode up on each other, creating broad areas of surface and internal contact. This internal sliding allowed unwanted energy to be released. Additionally, elastic energy that was soaked up during the contortion was then liberated as the ridges sprung back to their normal form.
The results are promising. Increased sliding friction could enhance a tyre’s grip, as forward energy is released from the tyre’s surface to dissipate as harmless heat and sound waves. With no commensurate increase in adhesion observed, rolling resistance should not be markedly increased.
The NSF’s Grant Opportunities for Academic Liaison with Industry (GOALI) grant will fund the team’s ongoing efforts for three years.